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12Ecosystems51Projects50Organizations

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News

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Mechanics & MaterialsOctober 21, 2026

Carnot, 1824: an ideal engine as a standard for useful work

In 1824, Sadi Carnot used reversible ideal engines to ask how much useful work heat could provide. His conserved-caloric hypothesis was wrong; the lasting comparison survives through modern energy and entropy balances, with a limit set by the two reservoir temperatures.

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Also worth reading

Electronics & Telecom

1962: semiconductor junctions bring red light to electronics

October 14, 2026

Fundamental Sciences

1869: Mendeleev made the gaps in chemistry testable

October 13, 2026
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From research to practice

Major Projects

12 ecosystems · 51 projects

Explore critical ecosystems and the projects moving them forward.

Lunar Colonization

A permanent return to the Moon: crewed base, resource extraction, space hub

7 projects

Martian Establishment

An autonomous human presence on Mars: colonies, ISRU, self-sustaining life

5 projects

Orbital Space Industry

LEO/GEO commerce: stations, manufacturing, tourism, energy, communications

6 projects
Explore all 12 ecosystems

Organizations

Actors

Who builds these ecosystems?

NASAWashingtonSpaceXBoca ChicaESAParisBlue OriginKentStarlab SpaceHoustonCNSABeijing
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Take time to understand

Academy

The concepts behind a deeper understanding of science.

Discover the Academy

  1. 01

    Algorithms: specify, execute and justify a maximum search

    From contract to proof: follow a maximum search, test its limits and distinguish method, program, correctness and termination.

  2. 02

    Understanding the derivative: limit, tangent, and instantaneous change

    A derivative measures instantaneous change: it arises as the limit of rates of change and is interpreted as the slope of a tangent.

  3. 03

    Rate of change: measuring change over an interval

    Rate of change measures average change between two specified inputs. See how interval choice, units, and representation determine what the number actually means.

  4. 04

    Functions: domain, outputs, preimages, and representations

    A function is more than a formula: each allowed input has exactly one output. Distinguish domain, image, preimages, and the main representations of the same rule.

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Put events in context

Timeline

Each discovery placed at the date it happened, not the date we published it

2026
  1. Sound waves test critical topological edge states
  2. Seaborgium bonding: three events and a debated energy estimate
  3. Gold nanogaps distinguish amino-acid handedness, with limits in natural extracts
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2026
  1. Protein recycling links cell signals and immune function in aging mice
  2. Perseverance traces several water-driven changes in Jezero’s ancient rocks
  3. A thorium nuclear clock gains stability with improved optical readout
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