Renewable Energy & Storage
Decarbonizing energy: solar/wind at scale, battery revolution, fusion cold & hot
Overview
Complete transition to carbon-free energy. Solar/wind at exajoule scale, stationary batteries, hot/cold nuclear fusion, green hydrogen.
Impact: Growing low-carbon electricity, with grid, storage and flexibility needs
Involved actors
Roadmap
Solid-state battery mass production
QuantumScape scaling to 100k units/year
Impact: EV revolution: 10-minute charging, 600 km range
Long-duration storage 10GWh deployed
Form Energy or equivalent at grid scale
Impact: Multi-day grid storage economically viable
Global electricity 50% renewable
Grid fully capable of running on renewables
Impact: Decarbonization inflection point reached
ITER: start of scientific operations
2024 baseline schedule: ITER starts with a far more complete machine, with the deuterium-tritium phase pushed to 2039
Impact: Demonstration of fusion's energy viability at industrial scale
Projects
Active
ITER — Tokamak Fusion
ITER Organization
Magnetic fusion reactor under construction. 2024 baseline: scientific operations from 2034, deuterium-tritium phase in 2039.
Giant international tokamak. Demonstration of net-positive energy gain. Plasma confined at 10x the Sun.
- Tokamak construction
- Plasma heating
- Confinement
- Energy extraction
- Materials R&D
Roadmap: Start of scientific operations
2034
Lawrence Livermore — NIF Inertial Fusion
LLNL / DOE
Optimizing gains. The 2022 shot was the first net gain; scaling toward industry.
Inertial confinement fusion. Megajoule lasers, fusion target, repeated gains.
- Laser systems
- Target design
- Fusion gain
- Tritium breeding
- Energy recovery
Roadmap: 10x energy gain demonstrated
2027-2028
Form Energy — Long Duration Storage
Form Energy
Iron-air batteries. Factory rollout 2024-2025, production of 100+ GWh/year.
Long-duration storage via redox chemistry. Iron-air, $20/kWh cost, grid decarbonization.
- Iron-air chemistry
- Manufacturing scale
- Grid integration
- Long-duration storage
- Cost reduction
Roadmap: 100 GWh/year production reached
2026
Lanzatech & Partners — Green Hydrogen
Lanzatech
Low-cost production. GW-scale electrolyzers. Heavy industry decarbonization.
Green hydrogen via electrolysis. Proton exchange membrane (PEM), water splitting.
- PEM electrolyzers
- Renewable power input
- Hydrogen production
- Industrial apps
Roadmap: Inaugural gigawatt-scale plant
2026-2027
Development
QuantumScape & Partnerships — Solid-State Batteries
QuantumScape
Factory production 2025-2026. Transforming EVs with 10-minute charging and 600 km range.
Solid-state batteries. Ceramic separator, lithium metal anode, 2x density.
- Ceramic separator
- Lithium metal anode
- Manufacturing process
- Supply chain
Roadmap: First year of factory production
Aucune date commerciale publique