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Civil Engineering

Construction, infrastructure and civil works

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August 4, 2026

Reinforced Concrete — The Invention That Built the 20th Century

On 16 July 1867 the gardener Joseph Monier filed patent No. 77165 for a system of "iron and cement tub-basins". This composite — concrete (30 MPa in compression) + steel (500 MPa in tension) — would become the most produced material in the world: ~4.1 billion tonnes of cement produced per year in 2023.

August 4, 2026

The Panama Canal — The Greatest Feat of Civil Engineering

Inaugurated on 15 August 1914, the Panama Canal crosses 80 km of isthmus with 3 sets of locks raising ships 26 m above sea level — ~310.7 million cubic yards (~238 million m³) of earth excavated over 33 years of construction, at a cost of ~645 million dollars across all phases and 27,609 human lives.