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Energy — sources, capture and evolution

Energy — sources, capture and evolution

Structured tracking of the major energy systems: energy types, capture methods, storage and scale-up.

Dossier under review
View roadmapSources

AI-generated conceptual illustration — not experimental data.

How it worked

  1. Solar (PV, thermal, CSP)
  2. Wind (onshore, offshore)
  3. Hydropower (dams, pumped storage)
  4. Nuclear (fission, SMR, experimental fusion)
  5. Hydrogen, batteries, grids and thermal storage
Conceptual energy chain: generation, conversion and storage, grid and consumption.
AI-generated conceptual illustration, not to scale: neither an observed event nor an exact engineering or medical diagram.
Resources & evidence

Purpose

Objectively compare energy sources (fossil, nuclear, renewables) by efficiency, dispatchability, system cost and industrial maturity.

This dossier compares independent energy technologies. It is not a single programme with a common delivery date.

Evidence & verification

Legacy reference: the routine has not yet audited its sources and dates.

Status, results & limitations

Current focus

  • Real-world efficiency of each source in grid context
  • Capture -> conversion -> storage -> distribution chain
  • Robustness at peak demand and under intermittency

Risks / constraints

  • Industrial bottlenecks in critical materials
  • Geopolitical dependence of certain supply chains
  • Gap between theoretical efficiency and real system efficiency

People & organisations

Examples of independent organisations, not members of a single consortium.

ITER

International collaboration developing an experimental fusion facility.

Role reference

Form Energy

Development of iron-air electricity storage technology.

Role reference

RTE

Operation of the French electricity transmission network.

Role reference

Roadmap & legacy

These dates and stages come from the earlier dossier. They are not a verified delivery schedule; listed objectives do not establish completed results.

  1. 2024-2025

    Phase A — Mapping the sources

    Legacy reference — to verify
    • Complete taxonomy of energy sources
    • Capture methods documented
    • Comparable indicators defined (LCOE, capacity factor)
  2. 2026

    Phase B — Operational tracking

    Legacy reference — to verify
    • Monthly tracking of the major sources
    • Dynamic capture/recovery comparison
    • Evolution of storage infrastructure
  3. 2027+

    Phase C — System projection

    Legacy reference — to verify
    • Energy mix scenarios by region
    • Resilient multi-source dispatchability
    • Cost + grid stability roadmap

Resources & evidence

Energy types

Clear classification of energy sources with technological maturity and deployment constraints.

  • Fossil: high energy density, carbon constraint
  • Nuclear: dispatchable, long industrial cycle constraint
  • Renewables: low carbon, variable intermittency

How energy is captured

Concrete capture chains from the primary source to usable energy.

  • Solar: photons -> electricity/heat (PV/CSP)
  • Wind: kinetic energy -> alternator
  • Hydropower: potential energy -> turbine -> grid
  • Nuclear: heat -> steam -> turbine -> alternator

Evolution of the major energy projects

Tracking scale-up: installed capacity, storage, grid reinforcement.

  • New installed capacity per source
  • Deployment of pumped storage/batteries/hydrogen
  • Grid stress, flexibility and resilience at peak

Sources

Primary references for the organisations and technologies shown. They do not, by themselves, validate every claim or date in the inherited dossier.

  1. [S1] Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions

    IEA · Report

    Published on 2023-10-17 · Consulted on 2026-09-10

  2. [S2] Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions

    IEA · Report

    Published on 2024-04-25 · Consulted on 2026-09-10

  3. [S3] Futurs énergétiques 2050 : les chemins vers la neutralité carbone à horizon 2050

    RTE · Report

    Consulted on 2026-09-10

  4. [S4] In a Few Lines — What is ITER?

    ITER Organization · Official technical documentation

    Consulted on 2026-09-10

  5. [S5] Battery Technology — The Battery Cycle

    Form Energy · Developer communication — not independent validation

    Consulted on 2026-09-10

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