Table of Contents for Engineering

1. Prerequisites

1.1 Solid Scientific Knowledge

In engineering, solid scientific knowledge is essential. This means understanding the laws of physics, mathematics, and chemistry. This foundation allows engineers to solve complex problems, design innovative solutions, and predict how systems will function.

Science Table of Contents

2. Introduction to Engineering

2.1 What is Engineering

Engineering is a field that applies the principles of science and mathematics to design, develop, test, and improve products, systems, and processes. Engineers use their knowledge to solve practical problems in various fields such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, computer engineering, and many others. Essentially, engineering involves transforming ideas into reality by using scientific and technical concepts to create effective solutions to real-world challenges.

2.2 What Can Engineering Be Used For?

Engineering is used for many purposes in different fields of society. Here is a non-exhaustive list of the main areas of application for engineering:

Construction and Infrastructure: Civil engineering is used to design and build roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, buildings, and other structures essential to a country's infrastructure.
Technology and Computing: Computer engineering develops software, applications, and computer systems to solve problems and meet user needs. Telecommunications engineering designs and manages communication networks.
Manufacturing Industry: Mechanical engineering is used to design machines, equipment, and tools in manufacturing industries, as well as to optimize production processes.
Energy and Environment: Electrical engineering is used to design, build, and manage electricity production and distribution systems. Environmental engineering develops solutions to protect the environment, manage natural resources, and treat waste.
Medicine and Health: Biomedical engineering is used to design medical equipment, prosthetics, and diagnostic devices. Materials engineering contributes to the development of new materials for medical use.
Aerospace and Transport: Aerospace engineering is used to design airplanes, satellites, rockets, and other space vehicles. Transportation engineering develops efficient and safe transportation systems, including cars, trains, and planes.

2.3 Warning Regarding Engineering

Engineering is a field influenced by a multitude of stakeholders with varied interests. Engineers, under the pressure of deadlines, budgets, and client demands, may prioritize immediate efficiency over long-term sustainability. This quest for efficiency can sometimes lead to compromises compromising safety or the environment. Furthermore, companies, in their pursuit of profit, may develop technologies that, although initially promising, pose unforeseen risks to health or safety. For example, transportation infrastructure or industrial equipment may become obsolete or pose environmental problems after being put into service. Similarly, governments, in their quest for power or economic development, may steer engineering towards particular goals, sometimes at the expense of the public interest or ethical considerations. These various influences underscore the complexity of engineering practice and the need for careful consideration of the consequences of our actions.

3. Engineering Methodology

3.1 Methodological Approaches in Engineering

Methodological approaches in engineering refer to the systematic methods used by engineers to solve problems, design products, develop systems, and improve processes. Here are some of the main methodological approaches in engineering:

Method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Design-Build Engineering	An approach involving the simultaneous design and construction of a project, enabling close collaboration between designers and builders from the early stages of the process.	Project time reduction Better coordination between design and construction teams Possibility to make real-time adjustments	Increased risk of changes during the project Need for rigorous planning and management to avoid delays and cost overruns
Design-Manufacture Engineering	In this approach, emphasis is placed on designing a product with its subsequent manufacturing in mind, ensuring better feasibility and optimization of the manufacturing process.	Design optimization for manufacturing Reduction of production costs Improvement of final product quality	Design constraints related to manufacturing processes Risk of compromising innovation for manufacturing considerations
Design-Quality Assurance Engineering	This approach aims to integrate quality control measures from the early stages of design to ensure compliance with standards and quality requirements throughout the development process.	Guarantee of compliance with standards and quality requirements Early identification of design flaws Reduction of downstream correction costs	Need for additional resources to implement quality control measures Risk of slowing down the development process
Collaborative Engineering	This approach promotes collaboration between different engineering disciplines and stakeholders throughout a project's lifecycle, fostering innovation, communication, and effective problem-solving.	Stimulates innovation and creativity Fosters effective communication between stakeholders Allows for rapid problem resolution	Increased complexity due to managing multiple stakeholders Risk of diverging objectives and visions among stakeholders
Agile Engineering	Inspired by agile software development methodologies, this approach promotes flexibility, adaptability, and collaboration in the design and development process, enabling rapid iterations and adjustments in response to user feedback.	Flexibility Adaptability to changing needs Rapid iterations enabling better response to user feedback	Requires strong involvement and constant communication from all stakeholders May be challenging to implement in regulated environments or with strict requirements
Systems Engineering	This holistic approach considers the entire system, including its components, interactions, and objectives, to ensure a coherent and integrated design that meets user needs.	Coherence Early consideration of user needs Reduction of system failure risks	Requires rigorous planning and management to handle complexity May require specialized resources and skills
Value Engineering	This approach aims to optimize costs while maintaining product quality and performance by identifying and eliminating non-essential or superfluous elements from the design and manufacturing process.	Cost reduction while maintaining quality Stimulation of innovation and creativity in design	Risk of compromising quality or performance to achieve cost reduction goals Requires careful evaluation of trade-offs
Concurrent Engineering	In this approach, different phases of the project are conducted simultaneously rather than sequentially, thereby reducing development time by accelerating decision-making and promoting communication between teams.	Reduction of development time Better coordination between teams Possibility to detect and resolve conflicts earlier	Pressure on quality due to emphasis on deadlines Requires effective coordination and communication between teams

3.2 Project Management in Engineering

Project management in engineering refers to the planning, organization, and coordination of resources and activities to successfully execute an engineering project. Here are some key considerations for project management in engineering:

Method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Planning	Defining project objectives, establishing a timeline, allocating resources, and defining the necessary steps to achieve the objectives.	Clarifies objectives and expectations Enables efficient resource utilization Facilitates coordination of activities	Requires thorough analysis and detailed planning May be difficult to adjust in case of changing circumstances
Organization	Assigning responsibilities, forming teams, and establishing an organizational structure to ensure effective project execution.	Clarifies roles and responsibilities Facilitates communication and coordination among team members Ensures balanced task allocation	Requires meticulous coordination to avoid overlaps or gaps in responsibilities May lead to excessive bureaucracy in large organizations
Monitoring and Control	Regularly monitoring project progress, identifying deviations from initial plans, and taking corrective actions if necessary.	Enables early detection of issues and potential risks Facilitates adjustments to plans based on changing circumstances Ensures adherence to deadlines and budgets	Requires resources to collect and analyze monitoring data May be perceived as intrusive by some team members
Risk Management	Identifying, assessing, and managing potential risks throughout the project to minimize negative impacts on objectives and outcomes.	Anticipates problematic situations and minimizes potential disruptions Allows for preventive measures to reduce risks Contributes to ensuring project stability and security	Requires thorough analysis and ongoing risk assessment May be difficult to prioritize due to limited resources

3.3 Ethics and Responsibility in Engineering

Ethics and responsibility in engineering refer to considering the ethical, social, and environmental implications of engineers' decisions and actions in their professional practices. Here are some of the main considerations:

Aspect	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Integrity	Acting honestly, fairly, and transparently in all professional interactions, respecting ethical standards and applicable regulations.	Strengthens public and stakeholder trust Preserves professional reputation and integrity Contributes to maintaining positive professional relationships	Requires constant vigilance to avoid conflicts of interest Can lead to difficult ethical dilemmas
Social Responsibility	Considering the social impacts of one's actions and taking measures to promote public well-being and safety as well as resource sustainability.	Contributes to creating a more just and equitable society Improves the company's reputation and strengthens its social legitimacy Can generate long-term economic benefits	Requires a delicate balance between business interests and social considerations May result in additional costs or project delays
Environmental Protection	Considering the environmental impacts of engineering activities and striving to reduce the ecological footprint of projects and products.	Contributes to the preservation of ecosystems and natural resources Mitigates risks related to climate change and pollution Can enhance the company's image and market competitiveness	Requires additional initial investments in environmentally friendly technologies and practices May lead to short-term profitability compromises
Equity	Ensuring fair and equal treatment of all individuals affected by engineering decisions and actions, without discrimination.	Creates an inclusive and respectful work environment Strengthens social cohesion and diversity Can foster innovation and creativity	Requires continuous awareness and training on diversity and inclusion issues May encounter cultural or organizational resistance

4. Civil Engineering

4.1 What is Civil Engineering?

Civil engineering encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of essential physical infrastructures for society, such as buildings, bridges, roads, dams, and water distribution systems. Civil engineers use skills in mathematics, physical sciences, and project management to create safe, efficient, and sustainable structures. Civil engineering shapes our environment to meet the population's needs and support societal development.

5. Mechanical Engineering

5.1 What is Mechanical Engineering?

Mechanical engineering is a discipline focused on the design, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems and machines. This includes a wide range of applications, such as vehicles, industrial machinery, tools, medical equipment, and energy systems. Mechanical engineers use extensive knowledge in physics, mathematics, and material sciences to design products and systems that meet specific user needs.

6. Electrical and Electronic Engineering

6.1 What is Electrical Engineering?

Electrical engineering encompasses the design, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of electrical and electronic systems. This includes a variety of applications such as power grids, communication systems, consumer electronics, medical devices, and industrial control equipment. Electrical and electronic engineers use extensive knowledge in electricity, electronics, mathematics, and computer science to design systems that meet the needs of modern society.

5. Computer Engineering

What is Software Engineering?

Software engineering is a field that involves the design, development, maintenance, and management of software. It applies systematic methods and techniques to create software efficiently, reliably, and within cost and time constraints.

Table of Contents for Software Engineering

6. Chemical and Materials Engineering

6.1 What is Chemical and Materials Engineering?

Chemical and materials engineering focuses on the design, manufacturing, processing, and use of chemicals and materials. This encompasses a variety of applications, such as chemical production, materials manufacturing, oil refining, energy production, and waste treatment. Chemical and materials engineers use extensive knowledge in chemistry, physics, mathematics, and engineering to develop processes and products.

7. Biomedical Engineering

7.1 What is Biomedical Engineering?

Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that integrates engineering principles with biological and medical sciences to develop technological solutions for healthcare. This includes the design, development, manufacturing, and maintenance of medical equipment and biomedical devices, as well as research and development of advanced medical therapies and techniques. Biomedical engineers use knowledge in engineering, biology, physics, mathematics, and computer science to innovate in areas such as medical imaging, prosthetics, diagnostic devices, biomaterials, and rehabilitation technologies. In summary, biomedical engineering contributes to improving healthcare by developing technologies that diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases and medical conditions.

8. Environmental Engineering

8.1 What is Environmental Engineering?

Environmental engineering is a discipline that aims to protect and improve the environment by applying engineering principles to environmental problems. This includes the management of natural resources, pollution reduction, waste management, water and air preservation, and the design of sustainable systems. Environmental engineers use knowledge in environmental science, civil engineering, chemistry, biology, and geology to develop solutions that reduce the negative impact of human activities on the environment.